The lecture focuses on the most significant issues of Russian history of the second half of the 19th century – primarily on a period related to the state activities of the Emperor Alexander II. His numerous reforms significantly changed the image of Russian society and mentality of all the social groups. The emphasis is also laid on the problem of terror which had become the most burning issue in the Russian society. An analysis is given of the most significant characteristics of the politics of the penultimate Emperor of Russia Alexander III.